martes, 25 de febrero de 2014

COSTA RICA DEMANDA A NICARAGUA ANTE LA CIJ POR DELIMITACIÓN MARITIMA / COSTA RICA INSTITUTES PROCEEDINGS AT ICJ AGAINST NICARAGUA CONCERNING MARITIME DELIMITATION IN CARIBBEAN SEA AND PACIFIC OCEAN



Mapa 1: Mapa editado por La Nación (Costa Rica) en nota de prensa del 30/07/2013. Mapa 2:Mapa sobre bloques para exploración de hidrocarburos de Nicaragua (reproducido de nota de prensa de Costa Rica Hoy). Mapa 3: mapa sobre zonas marítimas entre Nicaragua y Colombia después del fallo de la CIJ del 19/12/2013. La frontera marítima entre Nicaragua y Honduras fue fijada por la CIJ en el año 2007 (Nicaragua c. Honduras, ver mapas pp. 761-762 de la decisión de la CIJ del 2007). Mapa reproducído de artículo de prensa en Colombia.. Advertencia en relación a los Mapas 1 y 3: los límites Colombia/Nicaragua y Honduras/Nicaragua fueron fijados por la CIJ (2007 y 2012 respectivamente). Los límites Costa Rica/Panamá y Colombia/Panamá mediante tratados en vigor. El límite entre Colombia y Costa Rica fue fijado mediante un tratado que no está en vigor y firmado en 1977. La línea correspondiente al limite entre Costa Rica y Nicaragua del Mapa 1 no cuenta con ningun respaldo legal vigente.

Costa Rica anunció por medio de sus máximas autoridades que presentó este 25 de febrero ante la Corte Internacional de Justicia (CIJ) una nueva demanda contra Nicaragua, esta vez para pedir a la CIJ que delimite los espacios marítimos entre ambos Estados en ambos océanos. En el comunicado de prensa oficial de Costa Rica (ver texto), se declara que: "Esta cadena de actos muestran que Nicaragua no tiene ningún interés de llegar a un acuerdo de límites marítimos con Costa Rica de forma negociada, y por el contrario, las acciones más recientes buscan imponer una situación jurídica de hecho para afectar los espacios marítimos a los que Costa Rica tiene derecho de conformidad con el derecho internacional, así como para tratar de apropiarse de recursos naturales como pesca, gas natural y petróleo, que potencialmente pueden estar en las áreas que se nos disputan".

Costa Rica había anunciado justo después de la primera ronda de elecciones del pasado 2 de febrero su intención de demandar a Nicaragua, advertencia que también había anunciado en el mes de julio del 2013 cuando surgió una controversia en relación a mapas de Nicaragua concesionando hidrocarburos a empresas extranjeras, dando lugar a una protesta formal de Costa Rica. En el año 2002, también Costa Rica había emitido protestas de este tipo (ver nota publicada en Costa Rica Hoy). En el 2003 iniciaron negociaciones sobre límites marítimos que se suspendieron a raíz de la demanda presentada de forma unilateral en septiembre del 2005 contra Nicaragua por Costa Rica: un efecto palpable, como muchos otros de la "sanjuanización" de las relaciones entre ambos Estados.

Debido a la configuración distinta en ambas costas, ambos Estados recurren a criterios un tanto disímiles: mientras que en el Caribe Nicaragua pareciera proceder a una delimitación de tipo horizontal, como la intentada recientemente por Chile contra Perú, Nicaragua recurre a la dirección del último trayecto de la línea fronteriza terrestre para delimitar las aguas en el Océano Pacífico. Recordemos que en el Pacífico se da un fenómeno único muy importante para la pesca, de forma permanente o casi, el "domo térmico". Estos criterios de delimitación son muy distintos al de la dirección general de la frontera terrestre usado por la CIJ para fijar las dos fronteras marítimas de Nicaragua con Honduras en ambos mares. Ese último criterio aplicado a la frontera marítima entre Costa Rica y Nicaragua en el Caribe podría dar lugar a una línea más inclinada hacia el sur que la línea horizontal que pareciera querer respetar Nicaragua. Ese mismo criterio daría un resultado más favorable a Costa Rica en el Pacífico que la línea actualmente trazada por Nicaragua. Cada costa siendo distinta desde el punto de vista de su configuración, y desde el punto de vista de los recursos pesqueros y los detectados en su subsuelo, los argumentos deben necesariamente variar. Ello coloca a ambos Estados en una delicada posición desde el punto de vista de la solidez de la consistencia jurídica que deberán defender ante el juez internacional.

Es de notar que si bien varios medios en Costa Rica indican que el costo de esta nueva demanda será de alrededor de 1 millón de US$ por 4 años (ver nota de prensa de La Nación) esta cifra contrasta con los 2 millones de US$ previstos por el entonces canciller René Castro por cada año para el caso de la ocupación ilegal de Isla Portillos (ver nota de prensa de La Nación titulada "País presupuesta 2 millones de US$ por año para juicio en La Haya"). La cifra de 1 millón de US$ contrasta de igual manera con números de las mismas autoridades indicando que Costa Rica ha gastado ya 3 millones de US$ en tres años (ver nota de prensa). Un artículo de prensa señala que existen gastos adicionales no contemplados en esta cifra al declarar las autoridades que: "La Vicecanciller también señaló que hay otros montos que no forman parte del presupuesto y se calculan en especie. Por ejemplo, en el caso del embajador ante la Organización de Estados Americanos (OEA), Edgar Ugalde, quien se moviliza para representar al país ante la CIJ, en la Haya, Holanda". A este respecto, una investigación de algún órgano contralor podría dar una idea más exacta de cuánto se está gastando y de cómo se reparten estas cuantiosas sumas relacionada con los dos procesos pendientes de resolución en La Haya.

Desde octubre del 2010, e incluso desde antes, no ha habido ninguna reunión bilateral a nivel de Ministerios de Relaciones Exteriores o de Presidentes de ambos Estados, sino cartas de protestas de uno a otro en ambos sentidos. Costa Rica presentó una demanda contra Nicaragua en La Haya en noviembre del 2010 (ver nota), Nicaragua una demanda contra Costa Rica en diciembre del 2011 (ver nota), ambos procedimientos dieron lugar a una ináudita "unión" por parte de la CIJ a petición de Nicaragua en abril del 2013 (ver nota). Se estima que una demanda ante la CIJ en materia contenciosa puede durar de 4 a 6 años, si no se presentan incidentes procesales. El caso entre Nicaragua y Colombia duró 11 años, con varios incidentes procesales, mientras el caso entre Perú y Chile recientemente zanjado por la CIJ (sin incidentes de ningún tipo) duró 6 años. Leemos en un artículo reciente sobre gastos en La Haya que: "Tras el fallo el gobierno uruguayo transparentó las cifras manifestando que en tres años Uruguay gastó US$ 5.449.224 millones en honorarios de abogados y U$S 1.968.662 en viáticos, lo que daba un total de US$ 7.417.886. En tanto, la cancillería argentina precisó que en el mismo proceso los recursos totales afectados completaron los US$ 2.549.137". Colombia por su parte está innovando puesto que sin bien no se sabe cuanto se gastó exactamente en el juicio que duró 11 años contra Nicaragua ante la CIJ (en parte gracias a incidentes procesales de la misma Colombia, como la presentación de excepciones preliminares), sí se sabe que ya lleva mas de 2 millones de US$ en honorarios a firmas de abogados internacionales y nacionales que la asesoran "post" fallo de la CIJ de noviembre del 2012 (ver artículo de prensa). Solamente en honorarios de abogados internacionales, Colombia gastó más de 4,5 millones de US$ en este caso contra Nicaragua (ver nota de prensa). No obstante la importancia de esta cifra, los honorarios de abogados internacionales representan una parte más no la totalidad de los gastos de una demanda en La Haya: estos incluyen otros rubros tales como viajes, viáticos, estudios técnicos, honorarios de peritos, historiadores, cartógrafos, imágenes satelitales, viáticos en La Haya, sueldos de funcionarios nacionales dedicados tiempo completo o casi durante largos años, reuniones de trabajo, elaboración, revisión y traducción de documentos, entre muchos otros rubros. Ex cancilleres de Nicaragua estimaron el costo para su país de la demanda de Costa Rica por la ocupación ilegal de Isla Portillos a un monto situado entre 5 a 7 millones de US$ (ver nota).Un ejercicio legal ante los tribunales en Chile que no prosperó del todo indica que Chile gastó más de 20 millones de US$ en la demanda planteada por Perú recientemente resuelta por la CIJ (ver nota de prensa): este monto recoge los distintos rubros antes mencionados. Se trata posiblemente de un extremo al que es llevado un Estado para sufragar una demanda ante la CIJ interpuesta por su vecino.

Se agradece desde ya a colegas de otras latitudes datos o bien estudios sobre el costo total de un caso en La Haya para un Estado, incluyendo, si tienen acceso a ellos, archivos desclasificados en casos de controversias zanjadas ante la CIJ años atrás que puedan liberarse. Se puede remitir la información por correo - indicando si es del caso omitir la fuente - al siguiente correo electrónico: cursodicr(a)gmail.com



La presente nota un tanto ampliada fue publicada en ALAINET el 5/03/2014 y en Cambiopolítico el 3/03/2014.





ENGLISH VERSION

Costa Rica institutes proceedings against Nicaragua concerning maritime delimitation in Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean”



Map 1: Map edited by La Nación (Costa Rica) in a note of 30/07/2013. Map 2:Map of oil concessions of Nicaragua (from a note of Costa Rica Hoy). Map 3: map of maritime zones after ICJ decision of Nov 2012 between Nicaragua and Colombia. The boundary line between Nicaragua and Honduras has been fixed by ICJ in 2007 (Nicaragua c. Honduras, see maps pp. 761-762 of the decision of ICJ of 2007). Map taken from a press article of Colombia.. Remark in relation with Maps 1 and 3: the boundary Colombia/Nicaragua and Honduras/Nicaragua have been fixed by ICJ (2007 and 2012 respectively). The boundary Costa Rica/Panama and Colombia/Panama are fixed through treaties in force. The boundary Colombia/Costa Rica has been fixed in a atreaty of 1977 never ratified by Costa Rica. The line drawn between Costa Rica and Nicaragua of Map 1 is not based on a legal document.

One more time (the forth time in less than 8,5 years), Costa Rica and Nicaragua have initiated new proceedings before ICJ. This time, Costa Rica instituted proceedings against Nicaragua with regard to a “[d]ispute concerning maritime delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean”. In its application, Costa Rica requests the Court “to determine the complete course of a single maritime boundary between all the maritime areas appertaining, respectively, to Costa Rica and to Nicaragua in the Caribbean Sea and in the Pacific Ocean, on the basis of international law” (see official press release of ICJ).

In 2002, Costa Rica protested against Nicaragua due to oil concessions of several blocks in the Carribean Sea. Negociations initiated a few months after, but in 2005, after the presentation of Costa Rica request to ICJ on San Juan river rights of navigation, these negociations were cancelled. The same kind of tensions ocurred last july 2013: Costa Rica announced at that time (july 2013) its intention to present a request before ICJ, and recalled it last February 3rd, one day after the first round of elections in Costa Rica. See our modest note - in Spanish - of TribuGlobal of July 30, 2013. It seems it is the first time in history that two States end systematically their disputes before ICJ in such a short period of time: 4 different requests presented in 8 years and a half.

Sept. 2005: Dispute regarding navigational and related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), the unique request at ICJ registered in 2005;

Nov. 2010: Certain activities carried out by Nicaragua in the border area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), among two others requests registered by ICJ for the year 2010

Dec. 2011: Construction of a road in Costa Rica along the San Juan river (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), in a year that registered only a total of two requests at ICJ

Feb. 2014: Proceedings instituted by Costa Rica against Nicaragua on 25 February 2014



. In February 2013, a new tension appeared, due to information leaked to press media: the Colorardo river (see our short note - in French- published in Sentinelle of SFDI). In April 2013, ICJ decided, in a quite surprising order, to join 2010 and 2011 cases in one unique proceedings (see our modest article - in French - published in Sentinelle).

It seems also it is the first time that a request presented before ICJ on martime delimitarion deals with two oceans at the same time: an extremely interesting exercice is probably coming, due to the fact that legal arguments on one coast not necessarilly can be used on the other coast, due to different configuration and resources on each side.

Since October 2010, no top officials bilateral meetings have taken place between Costa Rica and Nicaragua: the illegal occupation of Isla Portillos by Nicaragua forces between October and December 2010 has been considered as an "aggression" and an "invasion" by Costa Rica top officials. We read (see Tico Times note) from Security Minister of Costa Rica that: "The Public Security Ministry also announced plans to install fences around the border’s river deltas to control access in an around the area. New roads will provide better access to border regions. According to the Public Works Ministry, an estimated $2 million will be invested on infrastructure projects to facilitate travel to border communities near the conflict zone, which are currently only accessible by boat. “We will do whatever it takes,” Tijerino told the daily La Nación. “The government has decided to defend territorial integrity. We will be thorough with our defense efforts to defend the sovereignty of national territory”. Tijerino added that the added security measures would be permanent, and any unidentified boats entering Costa Rican territory would be intercepted. In addition to the new security measures along the border, Chinchilla told members of the press on Tuesday that a potential “national defense tax” may be created to pay for the cost of the increased border security efforts.". The two MFAs have exchanged since October 2010 and during these last years several protests notes related to San Juan river, Isla Portillos, Guanacaste and oil concessions in the sea, as well as to Colombia´s sudden decision not to implement ICJ decision of Nov 2012 in its dispute with Nicaragua (resulting in a sudden "alliance" expressed before UNGA in New York between Costa Rica and Colombia against Nicaragua (see our note published by Laval University - in French- of Sept.2013 and Bruno Stagno, former Costa Rican Minister of Foreign Affairs remarks quoted at the end).

We read in an specialized article of 2001 of Professor Cesare P.R Romano on ICJ and developping countries (see article, p. 552) that "How much it costs in the end to litigate a case is usually not made public. The final figure might be hidden in the folds of the budget of a country’s ministry of justice or foreign affairs, and, if private lawyers are retained, will remain hearsay. It seems that litigating an average international case that makes it to a final judgment might cost millions of US dollars". In December 2010, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Costa Rica René Castro announced 2 millions US$ / year to cover expenses for the first case presented by Costa Rica to ICJ related to Portillos area (see Tico Times note). However, this week, Costa rican authorities estimated to 1 US$ million the costs of this new case as a whole. Two oceans been delimited with a single request to ICJ with just 1 US$ million cost for Costa Rica is certainly a great financial operation and a wonderful new for the Ministry of public finances of Costa Rica. More seriously, in an article published in 2005, we refer to an estimated cost for each State in an ICJ proceeding of a undetermined range situated between 3 to 10 US$ millions: due to the fact that the real cost for a single State of an ICJ proceedings seems to be a well preserved secret, this assertion is based on some numbers given, among others, by Professors Derek Bowett, Jean Pierre Cot and quoted also by Professor Alain Pellet (see article of Professor Alain Pellet, Footnote 39, p. 352). Our article of 2005 until this date has note been objected and we reproduce part of its content: "Para el jurista francés Jean-Pierre Cot, se trataría de "varios millones de euros", mientras que el asesor británico Derek Bowett sitúa el monto entre 3 y 10 millones de dólares. Por su parte, Alain Pellet indica que, en el caso del Golfo de Maine (1984), EE. UU. reconoció haber superado los 8 millones de dólares, mientras que Canadá reconoció un gasto por 6,5 millones de dólares. En cuanto al mínimo histórico practicado, este mismo autor cita el caso entre Burkina Faso y Malí (1986) que ascendió a menos de medio millón.". In a recent press article published in Chile we read that Uruguay officially recognized having spent US$ 7.417.886 and Argentina US$ 2.549.137 during the case of Pulp mills (2006-2010) before ICJ. Recently Chile recognized having spent more than US$ 20 millions in the case of maritime delimitation with Peru (see press note) resolved one month ago by ICJ (2008-2014). We would be extremely grateful to our colleagues and readers, mainly those living in States with former proceedings before ICJ concluded, to provide us with some materials or studies, or even declassified documents of their MFA related to recent estimations made on the exact cost for a State to bring a case before ICJ until final judgement. If required, confidentiality of source can be accepted. The e-mail to receive correspondance is the following: cursodicr(a)gmail.com.

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